WITH ANY AGING SYSTEM, inspection, cleaning, rehabilitation, and repair are essential to maintaining the system’s integrity. The City of Oakland, CA, the largest city in the East Bay region, certainly has its share of utilities to maintain. The City of Oakland’s sanitary sewer system encompasses over 930 miles of sanitary sewer pipes and includes 31,000 structures and seven pump/lift stations.
The City of Oakland is responsible for the public sanitary sewer main pipes that carry waste to the treatment plant while East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) is responsible for sanitary sewer treatment and disposal. In 2014, an agreement was reached in the form of a Federal Consent Decree (CD) between the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and EBMUD along with the cities of Oakland, Alameda, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, Piedmont, and the Stege Sanitary District to protect San Francisco Bay from sewage spills. This settlement gives the cities and districts until 2036 to repair and replace sewer lines, reduce the amount of inflow and infiltration, and reduce discharges into San Francisco Bay during heavy storms.
Sliplining was chosen as the rehabilitation
method due to the project’s location in a downtown and industrial area, and because it also
ranged in depth from eight to 18 feet.
The City of Oakland had already spent millions upgrading their system when the consent decree was announced in 2014. The City agreed to upgrade 13 miles of sewers annually and are already ahead of schedule. Oakland has spent over $300 million since the early ’80s to improve its collections system and reduce flows.
THE LARGEST TRUNK SEWER IN OAKLAND
A recent project is the Rehabilitation of Sanitary Sewer in West Grand Avenue between Wood Street and San Pablo Avenue, and in 20th street between Broadway and Harrison Street. Constructed over 90 years ago, this trunk sewer is non-circular and is the largest diameter trunk sewer operating in the City of Oakland. The 72- by 78-inch and 60- by 66-inch system carries wastewater from downtown Oakland to EBMUD’s 105-inch Wood Street Sewer Tunnel to the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in the Port of Oakland. After the assessment and design phase, permits were issued to rehabilitate roughly 4,000 feet of the non-circular system by slip-lining and 4,300 feet of circular RCP was also included with either slip-line or CIPP rehab options.
The $6.5 million project was awarded to Andes Construction Inc. of Oakland. The City of Oakland specified fiberglass pipe and CIPP for this rehab and Andes chose to bid the entire project with centrifugally cast, fiberglass reinforced, polymer mortar (CCFRPM) pipe. Slip-line was chosen as the rehabilitation method due to the project’s location in a downtown and industrial area, and because it also ranged in depth from eight to 18 feet.
“The base bid required FRPM for the non-circular sections. The rest, although suitable for CIPP, required a considerable amount of water for the cleaning and curing process of the pipe that, at the time was, not a good option as we were going through a critical drought so we decided to bid the entire project with fiberglass pipe,” says Cynthia Orozco, project manager, Andes Construction.
Hobas manufactured approximately 1,656 feet of 63-inch and 1,072 feet of 51-inch for the non-circular portion of the project; over 1,800 feet of 44-inch and 1,267 feet of 54-inch was also supplied for the circular portion. This would be the first large diameter slip-line project for the City of Oakland and Andes Construction. The project began in October 2015 and was completed in June 2016.
“This is a once in a lifetime project,” explained Gunawan Santoso, a civil engineer with the City of Oakland. “It was great to problem-solve as a part of a dynamic team.”
After the assessment and design phase, permits were issued to rehabilitate roughly 8,000 feet of the West Grand Sanitary Sewer.
MAINTAINING CAPACITY WITH SLIP-LINING
The existing circular RCP was 48- and 60-inches in diameter. Even though there was a reduction in diameter for the entire project, the smooth interior of the CCFRPM pipe did not lead to a decrease in flow. Hydraulics is an important consideration when planning pipeline rehabilitation. Slip-lining always results in a slight decrease in the pipe’s inside diameter; however, because of the much better flow characteristics of CCFRPM liner pipe, the rehabilitated line’s hydraulics are improved relative to its existing condition. Understanding hydraulics can help owners decide what pipe-flow rates related to size and material are necessary to transport water in an efficient manner.
RAPID INSTALLATION
Andes Construction was able to push 1,800 feet of 44-inch CCFRPM pipe into the existing 48-inch pipe in less than eight hours. Andes also installed approximately 1,100 feet of 51-inch in about 10 hours and 1,200 feet of 54-inch in 18 hours. Extensive planning, cleaning prior to installation, and a pushing frame built by Andes contributed to the ease of installation.
The majority of the pipe was supplied in 20-foot sections, but shorter 10-foot sections were manufactured for the curved portions. Original plans did not show any curves in the alignment of the existing sewer. After an inspection, it was decided to use 10-foot sections to navigate these changes in alignment.
The pipe was transported to the site from the
manufacturing facility in Houston, TX.
“The first phase of the project was along West Grand Avenue; there we encountered the first curve. At this location, we had narrow streets and heavy traffic. Here a smaller pit was excavated and 460 feet of 10-foot sections were pushed upstream without delay,” says Orozco. “The second phase was in the busiest downtown area, Harrison Street; here the curve was located at a busy intersection where the amount of underground utilities did not allow for a pit excavation. The curve was at the beginning of the last downstream sections of the 60- by 66-inch trunk line. Roughly 220 feet of 10-foot sections were pushed into place, followed by 610 feet of 20-foot sections without interruptions. We switched gears and pushed another 250 feet of 20-foot sections upstream to the beginning of the trunk line; all 64 pipes were pushed within 10 hours. The use of the shorter sections helped us to avoid ground disruption at these busy downtown streets. We used the flush bell-spigot joint and it worked perfectly; there was no need for any additional equipment to keep the pipe aligned and follow through the curvature of the existing system.”
The flush bell-spigot joint consists of an integral straight bell fixed to one pipe end that seals to the spigot end of another pipe by compressing an elastomeric gasket contained in the groove on the spigot. The joint has approximately the same outside diameter as the pipe, so when assembled, the joint is essentially flush with the pipe’s outside surface.
Completed in the summer of 2016, the new pipe has been performing well. It is currently running at 30 to 50% capacity, as the City installed this size pipe to allow for growth. Slip-lining rehabilitation of sewers with CCFRPM pipes provides many benefits. Not only is the flow capacity frequently increased, but the host pipe is structurally reinforced, corrosion is stopped, and leakage is eliminated.Some believe that relining a pipe with a smaller one will decrease its capacity. However, this is not always the case and very often flow capacity can be increased by slip-line rehabilitation. More often than not, the minimal diameter decrease is offset by the improved hydraulics of the new liner pipe, relative to the deteriorated existing pipe.
Hobas recently hired RJN Group to conduct a flow monitoring study on a rehabilitated pipeline in Milwaukee, WI. Flow meters were installed on a deep tunnel that runs along W 26th Street. The host pipe had a 120-inch diameter and was relined with a 110-inch pipe. Although the diameter was reduced, the Manning’s coefficient was also reduced and the resulting flow capacity was improved. The data indicated that the coefficient went from pre-lined 0.015 to post-lined 0.010. This significant decrease inroughness actually increased the Manning’s maximum flow capacity of the pipe from 575 MGD to 650 MGD, despite the diameter reduction.
Renewing older infrastructure can restore the structural strength, often maintain or increase hydraulic capacity, prevent further corrosion, and substantially decrease or eliminate infiltration and inflow in the slip-lined area. Taking the time to evaluate the requirements for your system, alternatives for repair, the overall cost, and long- and short-term benefits will result in superior long-term pipe performance and avoid or defer many future costs.