Standpipes are the most prone to thermal stratification and ice formation. This standpipe had a thermocline at 30' from the floor, which persisted all summer long. |
Keeping a thermally homogenous tank well-mixed does not require much mixing power - there is little or no thermal gradient for the water to fight against. But if a tank is initially thermally stratified, or becomes stratified due to the influx of a pulse of colder water, mixer power is critical. Lifting the cold water off the floor of the tank and pushing it all the way up through the layers of warmer water at the top requires a strong jet. Unfortunately, some mixing systems are simply too feeble to do it. In considering various technologies, it's a good idea to ask the manufacturer for temperature profile data that shows how quickly their mixer can take a tank from an initially stratified condition to a fully-mixed condition. This is called the blend time. The faster the blend time, the more powerful the mixer.
Ice Formation
In cold climates ice forms at the top of water tanks each winter. Depending on the average temperature and the tank turnover, the ice can range from a thin skin to a massive iceberg. Water is an unusual liquid because it becomes less dense as it cools down to temperatures close to the freezing point. Warmer water that enters the bottom of the tank (up to about 40°F) is actually more dense than the colder water at the top. This prevents mixing and allows the ice at the top to thicken.
You do not want ice to form in your tank. Even a relatively small chunk of ice can ride up and down on the walls of your tank, scraping off the coating and (in extreme cases) puncturing the wall. Furthermore, the presence of any ice indicates an incompletely mixed tank. Ice formation in the top of the tank also causes the air in the headspace above to become even colder – which can cause frost to form in the air vents. If these vents become plugged, your tank can implode on the next drain cycle.
Ice prevention requires a powerful mixer. In general, a mixer that turns the tank over at least eight times a day is a good bet, but weather conditions, tank turn-over and the temperature of the inlet water are also important factors to consider.
Tank Shape
Most people would understand that, the larger the tank, the greater the mixer power required. But most people are surprised to learn that the tank shape is probably more important. Tall, skinny tanks (i.e. standpipes) are the most prone to thermal stratification and ice formation because water can most easily become trapped and isolated at the top. If you are considering mixing for your standpipes, be sure to check out how the various technologies perform in similar shaped tanks.
Conclusion
Most mixing technologies are similar in price. However the pumping rate of different systems can vary by as much as a factor of 10. Be sure to compare apples-to-apples when you examine mixing systems, and make sure you are specifying a mixer that is up to the task.
About the Authors: Peter S. Fiske is CEO of PAX Water and Randy Moore is VP of Specialty Products at Utility Service Company.
"Pax Water® is an exhibitor at the ACE® '12 event and can be found at Booth No. 2142"
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