As drinking water utilities work to comply with PFAS regulations, industry leaders at ACE26 in Washington, D.C., argued that the most valuable outcome may be the lessons learned for addressing future contaminants of concern.

During the session “Utilizing Lessons From PFAS to Prepare for What's Next,” panelists from the legal and utility sectors discussed how the PFAS experience provides a roadmap for identifying, monitoring and responding to emerging contaminants before regulations are finalized.

One of the session’s central messages was that utilities should not wait for federal regulations before beginning to evaluate potential risks. Speakers pointed to the EPA’s Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) and Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) as early warning systems that can help utilities anticipate future regulatory action. Based on the PFAS experience, panelists noted that contaminants can spend years under study before moving rapidly into regulation and compliance once health concerns are established.

Microplastics emerge as a key concern

Among the contaminants discussed, microplastics drew significant attention as a potential future regulatory challenge.

Panelists noted that public concern around microplastics differs from many other emerging contaminants because the issue is easily understood by consumers. The idea that microscopic plastic particles are present in water supplies and human bodies has helped elevate public awareness and could accelerate regulatory interest.

However, speakers emphasized that many questions remain unanswered. Utilities and researchers are still evaluating effective treatment approaches, removal efficiencies and costs associated with managing microplastics in drinking water systems. The session highlighted that the industry remains in the early stages of understanding how best to address the contaminant.

Other contaminants identified as worth monitoring included 1,4-dioxane, pharmaceuticals, next-generation disinfection byproducts and lithium.

Data collection and documentation are critical

A recurring theme throughout the session was the importance of data management.

Panelists advised utilities to begin tracking monitoring results, operational impacts and treatment costs associated with emerging contaminants long before regulations are established. Speakers stressed that detailed records can help utilities justify future investments, demonstrate regulatory preparedness and potentially support cost recovery efforts.

The panel recommended separating costs by contaminant whenever possible rather than grouping them under broad categories. Tracking expenses related to sampling, engineering studies, treatment evaluations, capital improvements and operations can help utilities better understand the true impact of contaminants as they emerge.

Examples shared during the discussion included documenting staffing changes, additional monitoring activities and operational adjustments made in response to specific contaminants. Utilities were also encouraged to maintain long-term records of source water testing, flow rates and treatment decisions.

Suffolk County Water Authority shares proactive approach

Representatives highlighted the experience of the Suffolk County Water Authority as an example of proactive contaminant management.

The utility has partnered with universities and research institutions to evaluate treatment technologies, extend granular activated carbon performance and better understand emerging water quality issues. Utility officials said these collaborations have helped inform treatment decisions and prepare for future regulatory requirements.

The authority also discussed concerns about long-term supply chain challenges associated with PFAS treatment media. Officials noted that increased demand for granular activated carbon across the water sector could create pricing and availability pressures, prompting interest in carbon reactivation programs that can extend media life and improve supply security.